EL-FIDA, I. Islam and the European Empires. Nama Journal of Islamic Sciences and Humanities, [S. l.], v. 9, n. 1, p. 148–181, 2025. DOI: 10.59151/.v9i1.434. Disponível em: https://stage.namajournal.com/index.php/nj/article/view/434. Acesso em: 16 apr. 2026.